“We decree with full precision and care that, like the figure of the honored and life-giving cross, the revered and holy images, whether painted or made of mosaic or of other suitable material, are to be exposed in the holy churches of God, on sacred instruments and vestments, on walls and panels, in houses and by public ways; these are the images of our Lord, God and Savior, Jesus Christ, and of Our Lady without blemish, the holy God-bearer, and of the revered angels, and of any of the saintly holy men.”
— Second Council of Nicaea (Seventh Ecumenical Council) - 787 A.D
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| Icon of Christ and Our Lady written by my mother in law, Kathy |
If you were to walk into any Byzantine Catholic's home, you might see that they have icons. If you have not encountered them before, they might seem a little foreign, exotic, or even strange to you. Icons don't look like any other kind of art. They look one dimensional and flat. That's because they are so ancient, they actually precede the discovery of the concept of Perspective in art. The faces on icons might seem intense, almost piercing, and I know for a fact that they even make some people uncomfortable. I remember in college going to Europe and visiting the famous museums. In the early Christian period sections, I encountered Byzantine art for the first time and found myself completely drawn to it. Not only did I think it was beautiful, I found that I was engaged with the images in a way I couldn't explain. Through viewing the faces of Christ & the Blessed Mother, the angels and Saints, and depictions of biblical stories; I sensed something not of this world. I thought "wow, I think these are incredible!" even though I coudn't exactly explain what was so remarkable about them. So I would say that that was my first emotional experience with iconography before I began actually going to a Byzantine church. Later, I would be able to do some research and discover why icons are so important in the Eastern theology, despite there being a major controversy about them back in the early church - the first century in fact.
As far as using icons in practicing my faith, I'll start with the idea of praying with icons. As a baby Christian, I began to realize quickly that prayer (for me) was a little tricky. I was...well, in a word: distracted. I would sit down to pray, and despite by best efforts, less than one minute into it, I found that my mind would wander. What to do? I could not just will myself to not think about stuff. Two things helped me in this - one, I was given a Byzantine prayer book by my now brother-in-law, and two, I was given my first icon. Both helped focus my mind on what I was doing, which was lifting my thoughts to God. I strongly believe (as does the church) that both written prayers and impromptu prayers are important to God. Let's say you only said pre-scripted prayers. You could end up sounding insincere, and it also doesn't leave room for speaking to God throughout the day, while you are going about your business. Now, if you only said spontaneous prayers, you would be missing out on two thousand years of history in which Saints, theologians, and regular lay people have pondered and written down beautiful prayers for us to use and benefit from. Also - this second type of prayer is actually prescribed to us by Jesus himself! In the bible, the Apostles asked him, 'how should we pray?' And what did He tell them? He recited the Our Father for them. Interesting huh? So, once I had that first prayer book, (and more would come into my possession along the way) I was much more prepared and focused. As for the icon part, I realized that having an imagine in front of me gave me something to ponder while I prayed. Even if I wasn't praying about the subject of that particular icon, having a religious image there was like having a picture of someone I loved in front of me. Actually, if you think about it - having images of Christ in your home is not strange at all. You have photos of family members (both alive and dead) right? So why not have images of Christ as well? So, icons gave me a renewed sense of prayer early on in my Christian life.
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| Icon of Our Lady of Tenderness |
Now I will address some concerns that have come up not only with me talking to my non-Catholic friends, but concerns that have arisen throughout history. You may be thinking to yourself, doesn't it say somewhere in the Old Testament to not worship graven images? Also, aren't we supposed to be wary of any kind of veneration of anything except for God? In the 700's and again in the 800's a huge debate about icons ensued. It was called the Iconoclastic period, and it literally meant, the breaking of icons. During that period, some clerics and laypeople thought that it was against God's commandments to venerate icons that at that point had become quite popular, and that they should be abolished and destroyed once and for all. The debate went on for some time, until the Church leaders got together at the Second Council of Nicaea and declared that:
"As the sacred and life-giving cross is everywhere set up as a symbol, so also should the images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, the holy angels, as well as those of the saints and other pious and holy men be embodied in the manufacture of sacred vessels, tapestries, vestments, etc., and exhibited on the walls of churches, in the homes, and in all conspicuous places, by the roadside and everywhere, to be revered by all who might see them. For the more they are contemplated, the more they move to fervent memory of their prototypes."
Furthermore they pointed out that :
"it is proper to accord to them a fervent and reverent adoration, not, however, the veritable worship which, according to our faith, belongs to the Divine Being alone — for the honor accorded to the image passes over to its prototype, and whoever adores the image adores in it the reality of what is there represented"
In other words, they declared that despite people's fears about offending God by making images of Christ and the saints, it is actually a worthy endeavor. As long as people understand fully that it is NOT the matter that they are venerating, but the "prototype" or real-life person being depicted that they are to focus on! This makes absolute sense. We allow crosses to represent our faith, and have them in our homes or wear them around our necks. John of Damascus, who was an important defender of icons of the time, said that he did not venerate matter, "but rather the creator of matter." If you think about it, as humans, we are naturally inclined to be visually-oriented. We are more open to the things we can see with our eyes. It is not the Christian tradition (like it is in Islam) to completely ban the images of Christ - and it shouldn't be. Jesus became incarnate. He came to earth as a man, (though of course he was both fully man and fully divine) but as a man that real people could see, touch, and feel. In the Old Testament, God had not yet become Incarnate, so it was important that they stay clear of worshiping any form of a god that they had created themselves. To them, God was still completely invisible. But in the New Testament, obviously that was no longer the case! Also, with images of the Blessed Mother, angels, and saints, we are able to visualize who it is we are praying with to God in heaven. All of this is so key, so vital - especially to Eastern rite Catholics. You might see a few icons in a Roman Catholic church, but it is not a big part of their tradition. The Byzantine Church was all about iconography - and you can find abundant amounts of icons in every single place of worship as well as in the home. To me, it is not only breathtaking sight (in a church), but it is a window into heaven. It is a sensory experience not like anything else in life. A person who loves nature might tell you that they feel elated when they see a gorgeous mountain, or sunset, or rambling river. A person who loves Christ would tell you that, though icons could never come close to capturing the majesty of the One who created the universe and all beauty, they are there to assist one in contemplating that splendor and truth.
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| icon of Christ, written by Kathy, my mother in law |
Finally, let me just point out that to those who write icons (we don't say "paint them"), it is a total prayerful experience. One doesn't simply sit down and start painting. There is much prayer and careful contemplation before, during, and after an icon is written. I have not delved into this art...yet. But I will one day. I am lucky to have a mother-in-law who writes them and is willing (I think) to show me when I am ready. She does beautiful work, as you can see by the icons of Christ and Mary that Mike and I received as wedding gifts.
Obviously, there is much more to icons than what I have talked about briefly here. If I could go back, I wish I would have gotten my Masters degree in History and then done my dissertation on Iconography. It would have been such a neat topic to study. Maybe one day I can still do this. I did write a whole lesson plan for my final paper in a history class on the Byzantine Empire and I throughly enjoyed doing that. I studied the Iconoclast and the Council of Nicaea.
Well, I hope this was helpful to some who are not familiar with the topic and might have wondered what's up with all the golden icons around in my home, on my facebook, and in my heart :)
(A program on the radio called Light of the East explores the Eastern traditions of the Catholic church. It is a great program, check it out sometime. (On this link you can listen to any of the programs! I recommend the one on Iconography and the Feast of the Presentation)